( 2013) studied the effects of acidity, current density, and other parameters on electrolytic purification and controlled the optimal electrolytic conditions, which are more conducive to the purification of indium. Based on hydrometallurgy, electrolytic refining of the aqueous solution is paid more attention because of its advantages of the simple operation process and low cost of equipment. In the extraction and purification of indium, a combination of chemical cleaning and physical purification is mainly adopted, including the electrolytic refining method, float zone smelting method, vacuum distillation method, and metal–organic compound method ( Bardi et al., 2009 Liu et al., 2021). At present, the critical challenge in dealing with the new market is to seek the raw material supply of indium ( Kang et al., 2011). In 2006, China’s indium output accounted for more than 60% of the world but it was highly dependent on exports and the supply of indium could not meet the demand. The indium resources of China rank first in the world. In order to achieve a better supply of indium in globalization, indium is mainly extracted from zinc ore, sublimate, and lead-containing materials, and the recovery rate is 50–60% ( Cheng et al., 2021 Xu et al., 2021). In addition, high purity indium has become the top classification of critical materials due to its wide application, such as liquid crystal displays and light-emitting diodes ( Fontana et al., 2015 Rakhymbay et al., 2016). High-purity indium is mainly used in semiconductors, fluorescent materials, ITO films, and photovoltaic solar cells ( Xu et al., 2021 Luo et al., 2022). With the increasing demand for indium in the high-tech field, the purity of indium has become more demanding. At room temperature, indium is not oxidized by air and its chemical properties are relatively stable ( Katiyar and Randhawa, 2020). Indium is a bright and silvery-white rare metal with low melting point, high flexibility, high boiling point, and a face-centered tetragonal crystal structure. SEM and XRD techniques indicated that the cathodic products deposited on the titanium electrode have excellent cleanliness and purity. The EIS results demonstrated that the reduction process of In 3+ is subject to a diffusion-controlled step when pH = 2.5 and the applied potential was −0.5 V. The mechanism of indium at potential steps of −0.3 to −0.6 V was close to diffusion-controlled instantaneous nucleation with a diffusion coefficient of 7.31 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1. The nucleation mechanism of indium electrodeposition was analyzed by chronoamperometry. The average charge transfer coefficient a of In 3+ was calculated to be 0.116 from the relationship between the cathodic peak potential and the half-peak potential, and the H + discharge occurred at a higher negative potential of In 3+. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the electrodeposition process is irreversible. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and alternating current impedance (EIS) techniques were used to investigate the reduction reaction of In 3+ and the electrocrystallization mechanism of indium in the indium sulfate system. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of In 3+ was investigated by using different electrochemical methods in electrolytes containing sodium and indium sulfate. Indium is a crucial material and is widely used in high-tech industries, and electrodeposition is an efficient method to recover rare metal resources. 2School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Liaoning Anshan, China.1Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Liaoning Yingkou, China.Zhongmin Hou 1,2 Xiaomin Wang 1* Jidong Li 2 Zhen Li 1 Yiyong Wang 2 Hongxuan Xing 2
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |